Training is more than teaching “sit,” “stay,” or “come.” The way we train our dogs can affect how they feel, how they learn, and even the relationship they build with us. Research comparing reward-based training with aversive methods has found that training style can influence dog welfare, stress, learning, and the dog-owner bond. One study found that dogs trained with aversive methods showed more stress-related behaviors and had higher cortisol levels after training than dog